Have now tried Chrome on Android phone with cache cleared
Opera on PC with cache cleared
Firefox on PC with cache cleared
Chrome on PC with cache cleared
Chrome on different PC with cache cleared
It seems like those cache system always cached those token which populate on the registration form, so caused this invalid token because it always pass in the same token when the user register on your site.
I realised you have using this Regularlabs - cache cleaner plugin, perhaps you can consult with this plugin developer and see whether they have a feature to allow user to clear the cache automatically for those controller method?
You can pass the second screenshot to them , that registration form task is using 'miniRegister'.
As a gentle reminder, kindly start a new thread if you have any other issue in the future so it will be easier for us to manage your inquiry. I will lock and mark this thread as resolved.